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Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers are,they’re nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior.Never mind something as complex as conversation:the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a tenmonthold kid.A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong.The problem,the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, stepbystep programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new naturebased AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.
Imitating the brain’s neural(神经的) network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. “People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of colorcode transistors,” he explains.“But it’s not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves.” Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brain’s capabilities stem from the patternrecognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell.The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills.Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.
26.The author says that the powerful computers of today ____.
A)are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an object
B)are close to exhibiting humanlike behavior
C)are not very different in their performance from those of the50’s
D)still cannot communicate with people in a human language
27.The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from ____.
A)the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objects
B)the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, stepbystep pro grams
C)the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a tenmonthold child
D)the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells
28.Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to ____.
A)find a roundabout way to design powerful computers
B)build a computer using a clever network of switches
C)find out how intelligence developed in nature
D)separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought
29.What’s the author’s opinion about the new AI movement?
A)It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die out.
B)It’s a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes.
C)It more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort.
D)It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future prospects.
30.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “the only game in town”(Line 3, Para. 4)?
A)The only approach to building an artificially intelligent computer.
B)The only way for them to win a prize in artificial intelligence research.
C)The only area worth studying in computer science.
D)The only game they would like to play in town.
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Cars account for half the oil consumed in the U.S., about half the urban pollution and one fourth the greenhouse(温室) gases.They take a similar toll of (损耗) resources in other industrial nations and in the cities of the developing world.As vehicle use continues to increase in the coming decade, the U.S. and other countries will have to deal with these issues or else face unacceptable economic, healthrelated and political costs.It is unlikely that oil prices will remain at their current low level or that other nations will accept a large and growing U.S. contribution to global climatic change.
Policymakers and industry have four options:reduce vehicle use, increase the efficiency and reduce the emissions of conventional gasolinepowered vehicles,switch to less harmful fuels, or find less polluting driving systems. The last of these—in particular the introduction of vehicles powered by electricity—is ultimately the only sustainable option.The other alternatives are attractive in theory but in practice are either impractical or offer only marginal improvements.For example, reduced vehicle use could solve traffic problems and a host of social and environmental problems, but evidence from around the world suggests that it is very difficult to make people give up their cars to any significant extent. In the U.S.,masstransit ridership and carpooling(合伙用车) have declined since World War Ⅱ.Even in western Europe, with fuel prices averaging more than $1 a liter (about $4 a gallon) and with easily accessible mass transit and dense populations, cars still account for 80 percent of all passenger travel.Improved energy efficiency is also appealing, but automotive fuel economy has barely made any progress in 10 years. Alternative fuels such as natural gas, burned in internalcombustion engines, could be introduced at relatively low cost, but they would lead to only marginal reductions in pollution and greenhouse emissions (especially because oil companies are already spending billions of dollars every year to develop less polluting types of gasoline).
31.From the passage we know that the increased use of cars will ____.
A)consume half of the oil produced in the world
B)have serious consequences for the wellbeing of all nations
C)widen the gap between the developed and developing countries
D)impose an intolerable economic burden on residents of large cities
32.The U.S. has to deal with the problems arising from vehicle use because ____.
A)most Americans are reluctant to switch to public transportation systems
B)the present level of oil prices is considered unacceptable
C)the other countries will protest its increasing greenhouse emissions
D)it should take a lead in conserving natural resources
33.Which of the following is the best solution to the problems mentioned in the passage?
A)The designing of highly efficient car engines.
B)A reduction of vehicle use in cities.
C)The development of electric cars.
D)The use of less polluting fuels.
34.Which of the following is practical but only makes a marginal contribution to solving the problem of greenhouse emissions?
A)The use of fuels other than gasoline.
B)Improved energy efficiency.
C)The introduction of less polluting driving systems.
D)Reducing car sue by capooling.
35.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A)The decline of public transportation accounts for increased car use in western Europe.
B)Cars are popular in western Europe even though fuel prices are fairly high.
C)The reduction of vehicle use is the only sustainable option in densely populated western Europe.
D)Western European oil companies cannot sustain the cost of developing new type fuels.
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoes called “footwear for yuppies(雅皮士，少壮高薪职业人士)”.They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children’s shoes for the under18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics(健身操) or running.The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and highperformance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket (高档消费人群的) retailing network that helped push sales to $ 1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $ 27 to $ 85,will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company’s view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.In the past few years, the Massachusettsbased company has imposed limits on the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reeboks exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are available in about five thousand retail stores in the United States.
Reebok has already anticipated that walkingg shoes will be the next
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