Passage 3
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”;and there is no reason to doubt that this is true.But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards,at least in the early stages,had to be directly related to such basic physiological(生理的) “drives”as thirst or hunger.In other words,a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort ,not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so.Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so taught them to carry out some simple movements,such as turning the head to one side or the other.Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure.So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided.He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on ”a display of lights —and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result,for instance,two left or two right,or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble”when the display came on.Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them,it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem,in mastering the skill,and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
31.According to the author,babies learn to do things which____ .
A)are directly related to pleasure
B)will meet their physical needs
C)will bring them a feeling of success
D)will satisfy their curiosity
32.Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby____ .
A)would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B)would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C)would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D)would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
33.In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ____.
A)have the lights turned on
B)be rewarded with milk
C)please their parents
D)be praised
34.The babies would “smile and bubble” at the lights because____ .
A)the lights were directly related to some basic “drives”
B)the sight of the lights was interesting
C)they need not turn back to watch the lights
D)they succeeded in “switching on” the lights
35.According to papousek’s,the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of ____.
A)a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B)the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C)their strong desire to solove complex problem
D)a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
Passage 4
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
The pollution of Hong Kong’s beaches by oil from a damaged tanker last year recalls a similar incident which took place in Britain in 1967 when the Torrey Canyon,a huge oil tanker,split in two and caused disaster in coastal areas.Shoals of fishes were killed,sea birds hopelessly fouled with oil and coastal holiday resorts put out of business for several weeks. As a result of this particular incident scientists are becoming restless at the thought of Britain’s inability to cope with national disasters on a large scale.The reason for their concern is that technology is rapidly outstripping(超越)man’s ability to control it.
Oil tankers,for instance,have been allowed to get bigger and bigger without sufficient thought being given to emergency braking and manoeuvring arrangement.Collisions at sea continue,but little effect has been made to develop safety devices as effective as those used for aircraft.
Scientists were outspoken in expressing their concern during a recent meeting of the British Association.Unanimous approval was voiced when the leading speaker urged that a permanent national rescue services should be established,equipped for any emergency and ready to move off immediately.
Of all the possible disasters mentioned,the one promoting most discussion was a major release of radioactivity from a nuclear power station.One does not need a particularly vivid imagination to visualize the other possibilities discussed.What would be the effect of a jumbo-jet crashing on a large chemical plant handling destroying liquids?Could the tapping of natural gas lead to any form of collapse?Suppose a lorry full of a highly poisonous chemical crashed unseen into a large reservoir?Dams can burst,abnormal conditions can lead to massive electrical blackouts.
An intensive study of such possibilities could at least reduce the effects of future disasters.For example,it would mean that a number of technical alternatives (such as the choice between detergent or chalk for dispersing oil) could be examined and tested in advance so that specially trained expert would know exactly what action was needed in a given emergency.
36.The main idea of the second paragraph is that ____.
A)safety precautions in aircraft are not as effective as those used on ships
B)modern oil tankers can stop or turn easily in spite of their size
C)there are now fewer collisions at sea because of modern safety devices
D)oil tankers are so big that special devices are needed
37.The idea of a permanent national rescue service was welcomed by ____ of those present at the meeting of the British Association.
A)all B)the most outspoken C)some D)most
38.In the fourth paragraph the writer states that ____ .
A)on one occasion radioactivity escaped from a nuclear power station
B)an areoplane carrying destroying liquids might crash into chemical plant
C)a lorry once crashed into a reservoir
D)a terrible accident could happen in a nuclear power station
39.The main idea of the final paragraph is that ____.
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