|
英语专业八级考试全真模拟试卷
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS GRADE EIGHT
(SAMPLE)QUESTION BOOKLET
PAPER ONE
TIME LIMTT：［95 MIN.］
PART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION［40 min.］
In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything once only. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct response for each question on your Coloured ANSWER SHEET.
SECTION A TALK
Questions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section.At the end of the talk you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now Listen to the talk.
1The speaker is.
A.a friend of Abraham Lincoln'sB.a writer who gives an account of Abraham Lincoln's biography
C.Abraham Lincoln himself D.Abraham Lincoln's autobiography
2Which of the following statements is true?
A.The speaker's mother died when he was only ten years old.
B.The speaker's father died when he was six years old.
C.The speaker and his family moved to Indiana in his eighth year.
D.His grandfather was killed by Indians in a battle.
3What was required of a teacher in the speaker's hometown?
A.No qualificationB.Latin-understanding
C.Experiences of traveling round the worldD.The basical ability to know how to read,write and compute arithmetically
4Which events provided much encouragement for Abraham Lincoln in his political career?
A.The Black-Hawk war and Law-practicing.B.The Black-Hawk war and the Missouri Compromise.
C.Farm work and Law-practicing.D.Law-practicing and the Missouri Compromise.
5The general tone of this talk can be described as.
A.haughty and sarcasticB.condescending and humble
C.domineering and aggressiveD.honest and confident
SECTION B CONVERSATION
Questions 6 to l0 are based on a coversation between Jassie and Pauline.At the end of the conversation you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now Listen to the conversation.
6From the conversation we get the impression that.
A.Jassie and Pauline are classmates.B.Jassie is an overseas student from America.
C.Pauline and Jassie are talking about a picture.D.They are having American geography.
7What has Jassie already known about White House?
A.White House is on the south side of Pennsylvania Ave.,Washingten,D.C.,facing Lafayette Square.
B.The east and west terraces,the executive office,the east wing,and a penthouse and a bomb shetter are added to the main building.
C.It was designed by James Hoban on a site chosen by George Washington.
D.It is the oldest public building in Washington.
8Which one is oval in shape in White House?
A.The East RoomB.The Red RoomC.The Blue RoomD.The Green Room
9Who is the first President to live in White House?
A.Theodore RooseveltB.John AdamsC.George WashingtonD.Thormas Jefforson
10According to the conversation which statement about the name of the White House is true?
A.It became official before President Theodore Roosevelt had it engraved upon his stationery.
B.It derives the name from the color of the building.
C.The building was restored after being burned in 1814,so the smoke-stained gray stone walls were painted white.
D.Actually the cognomen“White House”was applied to the building some time before it was painted.
SECTION C NEWS BROCDCAST
Questions 11 to 12 are based on the following news from the VOA.At the end of the news item,you will be given 30 seconds to answer the two questions.Now Listen to the news.
11The general election will be held on.
A.FridayB.WednesdayC.ThursdayD.Monday
12Mail and Telegraph endorsed.
A.Tony BlairB.William HagueC.the Liberal DemocratsD.Labor Party
Questions 13 to 15 are based on the following news from the BBC.At the end of the news item,you will be given 45 seconds to answer the three questions.
Now Listen to the news.
13Palestinians say that
A.Israeli Prime Minister is sincere to call for ceasefireB.Sharon's appeal to stop ongoing violence is a “lie”.
C.they believe this time will soon witness ceasefire.D.they feel relieved America supports ceasefire.
14The Arafat aide thought that Israeli Prime Minister calls for ceasefire because
A.Sharon's government aimed at alleviating international pressure on Israel.
B.Sharon's government felt guilty of their excessive use of force.
C.Sharon's government is demanded by the United States to stop fire.
D.Sharon's government is opposed by its people.
15A roadside bomb exploded on Israeli border with Egypt late on Tuesday,and then
A.Israeli soldiers carried out the appeal to stop fire.
B.Israeli soldiers continue to patrol under interim peace deals.
C.Israeli soldiers returned fire.
D.Israeli soldiers returned fire and soon initiated another fighting.
SECTION D NOTE-TAKING & GAP-FILLING
In this section you will hear a mini-lecture.You will hear the lecture once only.While listening to the lecture,take notes on the important points.Your notes will not be marked,but you will need them to complete a 15-minute gap-filling task on Answer Sheet One.Use the blank paper for note-taking.
PART Ⅱ PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION［15 min.］
Proofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed.
PART Ⅲ READING COMPREHENSION［40 min.］
SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION［30 min.］
In this section there are six reading passages followed by a total of fiften multiple choice questions.Read the passages and them mark your answer on you Coloured ANSWER SHEET.
TEXT A
Brian Harper:a Priest
Brian Harper knows from personal experience how curious people are about priests and nuns. He began training to be a priest 20 years ago, straight from school, and although he left after two years he has never quite escaped the legacy. Whenever he tells people about that period in his life they fire him with questions about what prompted him to consider that route in the first place.
There are the usual questions about coping with celibacy and the restrictions that this puts on personal relationships. But there is real curiosity, too, about why an“otherwise normal”person would take on such a life.
“There is a genuine interest in the whole area of spirituality and the spiritual life,”Harper says,“The contrast has never been greater than it is now between the religious and secular paths.”Many young people head for a life in the church,he says,after attending Catholic schools where the emphasis is placed on religious observance,ritual and the importance of obedience and personal humility.But in today's world it is becoming inceasingly difficult for such young people to ignore what is happening in the secular world behind the church.Many priests and nuns have left the safety of the ordered religious life in the past couple of decades.But they have not done so without a struggle.Harper can identify with the experience of those who leave.
“It is so much easier to join up than it is to quit,”he says.“It's like in personal relationships,they're easy enough to get into,but extricating yourself from one that's not working or that you're not happy with can be very difficult indeed.”
Steven Mc Callanan,a parish priest,is frank about his life in church.He sums it up:“If you are prepared to see life in all its colour then go ahead,take orders.But don't think it will be easy.I face problems every day.”
Harper believes the religious life attracts a true cross-section of people,from the extrovert to the shy and retiring,although many are drawn by the church's emphasis on ritual and performance.If one were to generalise,though,most priests have the kind of artistic temperaments that would “I know some brilliant men and women in the church,then I know some tried and disillusioned ones and some who are struggling with their own kind of personol demons,”says Harper. He says it is a shame that the Catholic community has traditionally put priests on a pedestal,“up there with God”,whereas in fact they are just like everyone else:flawed and vulnerable, make them good actors or performance poets-and social drinkers.
“Being a priest just happens to be a career,admittedly a specialised one and one that demands a certain range of qualities.But priests are just as frail and weak as the rest of us.”
Harper has made a television programme about priests,monks and nuns in the Catholic church.The message he gave to those who took part in his documentary was:“We are not trying to trip you up or make you appear strange or foolish.We are just trying to answer what we think are some generally asked questions about your attitudes,your dilemmas,and the kinds of lives you lead.”It makes fascinating viewing.
16Which title is a proper replacement of the original one?
A.A Wonderful Choice to be a Priest. B. The Religious Path Can be Difficult to Follow.
C.To Lead a Spiritual Life. D.To Live a Religious Life.
17Brian Harper wants to be a priest for the reason that
A.these are so few young men who prefer to emphasize religious observance,ritual and the importance of obedience and personal humility.
B.his parents thought that it was the legacy for him to take the religious path.
C.he has a sincere interest in the whole area of spirituality and the spiritual life.
D.he has been considered an abnormal person who takes on such a life.
TEXT B
Basketball Hero Retires
Chicago's most famous figure before the 1980s was the gangster,Al“Scarface”Capone.But in the last two decades Chicago Bulls basketball star Michael Jordan has knocked the legendary crime boss from his pedestal.Almost single-handedly,Jordan turned Chicago's image on its head,as the city on the shore of Lake Michigan moved from crime capital to basketball capital of America.Jordan is widely regarded as the sports greatest player,and his retirement announcement in early 1999 came as a blow to the sport and to his millions of fans in America and around the world.
His athleticism and fierce competitiveness frightened his opponents,but his graciousness made him an American and international icon.He is most famous as the face of Nike,the athletics shoe and clothing company whose products he has endorsed for the past decade.
Jordan quickly became a multi-millionaire,thanks to lucrative product endorsement deals such as his Nike promotion.As his fortune grew he put money back into the community,creating a foundation to fund athletics facilities and other projects for children from the inner city of Chicago,his adopted home.Jordan is reported to be the celebrity with whom most American children feel most comfortable,and American adults once placed him fifth on a list of all-time“most respected newsmakers.”
But not everyone thought well of him.Some critics said he set a bad example,on and off the basketball court.He gambled;sometimes he mocked opponents during game and when the Nike company was accused of unfair labour practices,he virtually ignored the controversy.Certain black Americans accused him of dismissing less fortunate blacks,many of whom could not afford the expensive shoes marketed by Nike under the “Air Jordan”brand.
His easy charm ensured that he remained popular with the vast majority of basketball supporters,despite these criticisms.And none of those who criticised his behavior could do the same when it came to his athletic performance.Nobody could undermine his achievements.
Jordan was born on February 17,1963,is 1.98 meters tall and weighs 98kg.College players of the Year in 1983-4,he joined the struggling Chicago Bulls team for the 1984 season.By the next year,the Bulls had started a winning streak.In the 1986 season Jordan shot 3041 points,the third-highest score ever.In 1987 he was named the National Basketball Association (NBA) Slam Dunk Champion.He first won the Most valuable player award in 1988,an honour repeated four times in the 10 years to 1998.He guided his team to six championship wins during the 1990s,scoring 45 points during the sixth and last game of the 1998 NBA finals including the winning point in the game's closing seconds.
Over his career,Jordan captured 10 consecutive scoring titles.His jumping ability at goal was matched by excellent court and team play.Jordan retired from the club and the game in 1993,in pursuit of a dream to play basketball,but he returned to the baketball court and the Chicago Bulls in 1995.
In 1996 he was named one of the 50 greatest players in history.
18According to this text which of the following statements is true?
A.Michael Jordan was born on February 17,1963 in Chicago.
B.Michael Jordan earned millions of dollars as the smiling face of Nike,the athletics shoe and clothing company.
C.Everyone sang high praise of Michael Jordan because of his athletics and fierce competitiveness and his graciousness.
D.Over his career,Michael Jordan captured 10 consecutive defending titles.
19What made Michael Jordan popular with different kinds of people despite those criticisms of his behaviour outside the basketball court?
A.His athletic performance.B.His easy charm.C.His financial achievements.D.His outstanding Nike promotion.
TEXT C
The Land of Disney
Predicting the future is always risky.But it's probably safe to say that at least a few historians will one day speak of the 20th-century as America's“Disney era.”Today,it's certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that represents modern America as powerfully as the company that created Mickey Mouse.Globally,brands like Coca-Cola and McDonalds may be more widely-known,but neither encapsulates 20th-century America in quite the same way as Disney.
The reasons for Disney's success are varied and numerous,but ultimately the credit belongs to one person—the man who created the cartoon and built the company from nothing,Walt Disney.Ironically,he could not draw particularly well.But he was a genius in plenty of other respects.In business,his greatest skills were his insight and his management ability.After setting himself up in Hollywood,he single-handedly pioneered the concepts of branding and merchandising-something his company still does brilliantly today.
But what really distinguished Disney was his ability to identify with his audiences.Disney always made sure his films championed the “little guy,”and made him feel proud to be American.This he achieved by creating characters that reflected the hopes and fears of the ordinary people.Some celebrated American achievements — Disney's very first cartoon Plane Crazy, featuring a silent Mickey House,was inspired by Charles Lindbergh's flight acorss the Atlantic.Others,like the Three little pigs and Snow White and the Seven Dwarves,showed how,through hard work and helping one's fellow man,ordinary Americans could survive social and economic crises like the Great Depression.
Disney's other great virtue was the fact that his company—unlike other big corporations—had a human face.His Hollywood studio—the public heard—operated just like a democracy,where everyone was on first-name terms and had a stay in how things should be run.He was also regarded as a great patriot because not only did his cartoons celebrate America,but,during World WarⅡ,his studios made training films for American soldiers.
The reality,of course,was less idyllic.As the public would later learn,Disney's patriotism had an unpleasant side.After a strike by cartoonists in 1941,he became convinced that Hollywood had been infiltrated by Communists.He agreed to work for the FBI as a mole,identifying and spying on colleagues whom he suspected were subversives.
But,apart from his affiliations with the FBI,Disney was more or less the genuine article.A new book,The Magic Kingdom:Walt Disney and the American Way of Life,by Steven Watts,confirms that he was very definitely on the side of ordinary Americans—in the 30s and 40s he voted for Franklin Rovsevelt,believing he was a champion of the workers.Also,Disney was not an apologist for the FBI,as some have suggested.In fact,he was always suspicious of large,bureaucratic organisations,as is evidenced in films like That Darned Cat,in which he portrayed FBI agents as bungling incompetents.
By the time he died in 1966,Walt Disney was an icon like Thomas Edison and the Wright Brothers.To business people and filmmakers,he was a role model;to the public at large,he was“Uncle Walt”—the man who had entertained them all their lives,the man who represented all that was good about America.
In the 30-old years since his death,not much has changed.In 1986,he was attacked as a McCarthyist,a supporter of big business,and a purveyor of“subliterate”entertainment.However,none of it has made any difference to the general public.Their loyalty to Uncle Walt remains as strong as ever.
20What is the most distinguished feature of Disney?
A.Disney was created and built by a person who drew cartoons and set up a company from nothing.
B.Disney films were able to reflect the hopes and fears of ordinary people.
C.Disney had affiliation with the FBI.
D.Disney respected the rights belonging to everyone and possessed the democratic atmosphere.
21Walt Disney became an icon after his death not because
A.He was a role model to business people and filmmakers.B.He could entertain the public at large all their lives.
C.He was a purveyor of“subliterate”entertainment.D.He could represent all that was good about America.
TEXT D
Zero Tolerance
New York was once the murder capital of the world.But its urban canyons are no longer the killing fields that earned the city its unenviable title.The annual death ,which soared to a record high of 2.245 in 1990,dropped to 760 in 1997.The last time the murder rate was as low as that was 30 years previously in 1967,the year of peace and love and the flowering of hippiedom.
With the decrease in killing has come a marked reduction in enthusiasm for other crime,such as burglaries,robberies and shootings.The old saying,crime doesn't pay,has taken on new life,thanks to hard-line policing introduced by Mayor Rudolph Giuliani in 1994.Its success has been such that Giuliani,elected five years ago on a law and order platform,confidently says his city can now be seen as a leader in crime fighting.Such a claim would once have been uimaginable,but the zero-tolerance policing policy introduced by Giuliani and the two men he appointed to run the city's police force,former commissioner with Bratton and former deputy commissioner John Timoney,has turned the mean streets into clean streets.
New York's policing is based on a 1983 paper called“Broken Windows,”written by American academics Janes Wison and George Kelling,which suggested a clamp-down on low-level crime as a way of lowering all crime.If a broken window in an apartment block was not fixed,it was a sign that no one cared.Soon more windows would be broken and a sense of lawlessness engendered,encouraging others to commit more crime.Cleaning up minor crime on the streets was like fixing broken windows,it said,and the flow-on effect would curb more serious crime.
New Yorkers voted for a special tax to raise about US 1 billion (Rmb 8.2 billion) to fight crime and another 7,000 officers were added to the force.The responsibility for ways of fighting crime devolved from a centralised bureaucracy to precinct commanders,and police used computers to track and target crime trends more easily.
This resulted in a much harder attitude against all crime,“zero tolerance”being the policy of not allowing or tolerating even the smallest crimes.These included begging,minor drug dealing, taggers,turnstile jumpers in the subways and all forms of anti-social behaviour on the streets.Timoney uses turnstile jumpers as an illustration of the broken windows theory at work.Police found that 22 percent of turnstile jumpers were wanted for other crimes or were able for arrest because they carried guns.“We arrested one man simply for jumping a 1 turnstile and found that he was a drug dealer carrying cocaine and 50,000 in his pockets,”says Timoney.
New York's transformation attracted global attention and cost Bratton and Timoney their jobs.They were both sacked by Giuliani,who felt they were stealing his glory.Timoney has since acted as a consultant to police throughout the world,preaching the benefits of zero-tolerance policing.
Ironically,Bratton,the former Boston beat cop who rose to head Now York's finest,evidently doesn't like the term zero-tolerance because he thinks it implies a lack of tolerance for any deviation from social norms.Critics of New York policing say that intolerance is exactly what zero-tolerance policing encourages.They point out that urban crime has fallen right across the United States in the past five years not just in New York,and even in states where zero-tolerance policing is not practised,while the country's jail population has dramatically increased. Shifts in the nature of America's population ages and character have reduced the number of yound men (aged 18-24) most likely to best involved in crime.Crime is also reduced when many more criminals are in jail.
Criminologist Greg Newbold says that crime rates spiral up and down in unexplained cycles and they are no easy solutions to reducing crime.Together sentences and more police mean an increasing drain on tax-payers and there is no certainty that they will continue to lower crime levels.Criminals will learn to live with those methods and find ways around them.
Charles Pollard,the chief constable of Thames Valley in Britain,calls zero-tolerance policing a short-term care that works well in urban areas with large amounts of petty crime.Once petty crime is brought under control,he told the Economist, sharp drops in crime will diminish.Observers say the drop in New York crime had to come with the introduction of almost any new tough police policy,because the crime rate was so high.
Police Association president Greg O'Connor agrees.“You can talk all the theories you like but,at the end of the day,what will stop criminals from committing crime is the belief that they will be caught.With only 18 percent of burglaries are being solved,and most of them don't believe they will be caught,burglary becomes something of a risk-free occupation.”
However,criminologist Newbold argues that zero-tolerance policing is a dangerous fad that risks creating an arrogant police force because it gives police extraordinary powers.Accusations that New York police harassed minorities were heightened last year when two white New York policemen were charged with the beating and sexual torture of Asian immigrant Abner Louima,and two other white officers were charged with assaulting him in a police car.One policeman allegedly told Louima,“It's Giuliani time.”
But police president O'Connor says that the broken windows approach doesn't necessarily lead to police harassment.He calls zero-tolerance policing a “win-win solution”.Other factors must be considered for long-term solutions,“but,if you don't catch criminals,you can't rehabilitate them.All the initiatives have to work but you have to ask,‘will they impact on crime?’and you have to bargain from a position of strength.If you're talking to kids who don't think they are going to get caught and who think the police are a joke,then forget it.”
Highlighting New York's success provides a subtle message to police and the communties themselves that crime can be stopped.
22“Zero Tolerance,”a new police policy,derives from
A.James Wison and George Kelling.B.Rudolph GiulianiC.William Bratton and John TimoneyD.Charles Pollard
23The former commissioner and the former deputy commissioner were sacked because
A.they committed crimes themselves.B.they did not obey the rules.
C.they made the Mayor of New York feel envious.D.they went to the extremes when they carried out the policy.
24Criminologist Greg Newbold shares different ideas from police president O'Connor in the way
A.emphasizing New York's success provides messages to criminals that crime can be stopped.
B.zero-tolerance policy is just a short-term cure that works well in urban areas with large amounts of petty crimes.
C.the drop in New York crime had to come with the introduction of almost any new tough police policy.
D.zero-tolerance policy is a dangerous fad that risks creating an arrogant police force because it gives police extraordinary powers.
TEXT E
Cyberia—Internet Cafes
Eva Pascoe rides to work on a motorbike.Her business wardrobe features such items as black leggings,furry leopard-skin jumpers,a faded denin jacket and biking leathers.She looks as if she might be a trendy market manager,or someone who works the day shift in a student cafe.In fact she is a very rich,very successful businesswoman.
Pascoe's business base is in the city of London,not far from the uban loft space she owns in a fashionable city residential area.But she is as likely to be found at business meetings in Tokyo,New York or Paris.At the age of 31,Pascoe is the brain behind Cyberia,which she claims is the world's first“cybercafe.”
At Cyberia,experienced Internet Surfers can play with the latest cyber technology-Net virgins can learn how to log on-while munching their way through what she describes as an “obscene nacho sandwich”or any of the other dishes offered on the highly priced Cyberia menu.
Pascoe founded Cyberia with partner Gene Teare in September 1994.Since then,the company has turned over approximately 5 million pounds.Before the end of 1996 Pascoe intends to float the company on the stock market.Yet the venture started out very modestly,in a small cafe behind London's Tottenham Court Road.The decor there is strictly lowley—stripped floors,distressed walls,ambient music,funky art-yet it has turned into a global concept.Today,Cyberia cafes can be found in the British cities of Manchester and Edinburgh,and in Paris,Tokyo and New York.On the list for future Cyberia are Glasgow,Lisbon,San Franciso,British,Moscow and Delhi.
The company is diversifying fast.Multimedia training and development sessions are held in the TransCyberia and SubCyberia basement venues beneath the cafes themselves.There is a range of Cyberia designer accessories,such as T-shirts and mousepads.The company even boasts an online dating agency.The Cyberia magazine was launched early in 1996,while the world's first online“television station”,Channel Cyberia,launched in Britain in May.Cyberia Records-copies of Samples taken from the Net,for use by DJs-is promised before long.Pascoe is unstoppable,a cyberspace version of the entrepreneur Richard Branson.She grew up in rigidly communist Poland,but has made the transformation to free-wheeling business entrepreneur with incredible ease.At first,however,the prospects for cyberia did not look good.At the lunch of the first cafe,Pascoe spent most of her day trying to buy an espresso machine that could make good coffee.“It was incredibly disorganised,”says someone who worked there as a cyberhost.“There was no proper Kitchen.Four out of the five company directors had other jobs.”
Eighteen months on,many insiders say things are not much changed.“It's half-cocked,”says Ivan Pope,who runs a nearby design agency.“You never get served.The coffee's always cold.It's chaos.”Indeed,many industry analysts are sceptical about Pascoe's ambitions.“Cyberia is simply a restaurant chain with a grimmick,”says David Tabizel,director of a multimedia company based in the city of London.
Cyberia's trick,however,was to spot-before anyone else-that the Internet was about to turn into an everyday resource.“They managed to capture the mysterious zeitgeist of where people want to be,”says John Browning,editor-in-chief of Wired magazine.The company had brilliant branding,too.“It's a great name,”says David Tabizel,noting the play on words with Siberia,the vast,desolate region in the north of Russia.Another advantage,say analysts,is the company's decision not to open clones of its original restaurant in each new location.Every Cyberia is tailored to its city's needs.
It is doubtful that anything would have come of the idea if Pascoe had not been behind it from the start.She has been described variously as“weird and intense”,“a magnificent self-publicist”,“very charismatic,very smart”,“a pioneer in integrating people and technology”;“an evangelist for the Internet”.She is,indeed,an unstoppable force of nature.“I don't need that much sleep,”she says,in her slightly broken English,downing another black coffee.“Around four or five hours is enough for me.”
Possessions tie her down.“My security is my knowledge…Because information changes so quiekly and I get so much input from the Net,I have to keep my home life simple.My apartment is full of white walls…There's nothing to distract me.”She gets online at 7 a.m.,works weekends,is rarely home before midnight.She can't remember her last holiday.Even on weekend trips to see friends in Spain and get some sun she takes her laptop.She has a contract for a book on interfaces;she is trying to write up her Ph.d. thesis on human computer interaction.“I don't usually eat until the evening,”she says.“I find it distracts my energy.”
25Which one has not been developed at Cyberia according to the text?
A.The Cyberia magazine.B.An online dating agency.C.Cyberia Records.D.Cyberia Supermarket.
26What is the particular way of Cyberia?
A.Cyberia is built by a woman who grew up in rigidly communist Poland.
B.Cyberia is a restaurant chain spreading all over the world.
C.Cyberia is able to capture the mysterious zeitgeist of where people want to be.
D.Cyberia boasts many different kinds of businesses.
27How do people evaluate Eva Pascoe?
A.A very charismatic and smart businesswoman.B.A conformist.
C.A supporter of knowledge.D.A pioneer in combining technology and money-making.
TEXT F
How Many Words in Your Dictionary
If you are going to buy a dictionary,then the number of words that the dictionary contains may be a measure of comparison that you will use in deciding which dictionary to choose.And you would think that the question posed in the title would have a quite straight forward answer.After all,a dictionary is defined as“a reference book that consists of an alphabetical list of words…”(Collins English Dictionary,1979).But the answer is,unfortunately,not so simple.
For one thing,dictionaries rarely tell you how many ‘words’they contain.For another,the alphabetical list of‘headwords’is likely to include more than just words.Included as headwords in the alphabetical sequence in many dictionaries today you will find:
·abbreviations,e.g.do.for‘ditto’,d.o.b.for‘date of bith’;
·affixes and combining forms,e.g.dia-prefix meaning‘through’(as in diachronicence suffix (as in emergence),neo-combining form meaning‘new’(as in neologism),-onym combining form meaning ‘name’(as in pseudonym);
·open compounds,written as two or more separate words,without hyphenation,e.g. love feast,low tide,lunar month,male chauvinist pig.
You will also find,in some dictionaries,proper names of people and places,often called‘encyclopedic entries’.These all contribute to any count of headwords.
The Collins Concise English Dictionary (1982) claims to contain 53,000 headwords;the Longman Concise English Dictionary (1985) says it has “over 50,000”headwords;and the larger Longman Dictionary of the English Language (1984) claims“over 90,000”headwords.In none of these dictionaries are proper names included.There would seem to be some measure of comparison between these dictionaries at least,even though they are rare among modern dictionaries in giving a count of headwords.But we need to be sure that the dictionaries all have the same policy on what a headword is.They do not.If a word belongs to more than one word class (e.g.noun and verb,like bottle,or adjective,adverb,noun and verb,like clean),then the Long man dictionaries have as many headwords as there are word classes to which the word belongs (two for bottle,four for clean),while the Collins dictionary has only one headword for each item.
More often a dictionary will give a count of the ‘references’or ‘entries’that it contains.The Collions Concise (1982) claims “96,000 vocabulary references”,increased to “125,000 references”by the third edition (1992);the Longman Concise (1985) claims“100,000 entries”,the Concuise Oxford Dictionary (8th edition,1990)“120,000 entries”,Chambers English Dictionary (1988)“190,000 references”,Collins English Dictionary (1979)“162,000 references”,increased to 170,000 in the 2nd edition (1986),and to 180,000 in the 3rd edition (1991).The Longman Dictionary of the English Language (1984,2nd edition 1991) does not give a reference count all these figures are,of course,estimates,based on a count of a sample of pages.
What are dictionaries counting when they give a count of ‘reference’or ‘entries’?The Concise Oxford Dictionary (8th edition,1990) adds this gloss to its claims of 120,000 entries:“including compounds,phrases,derivatives,and a generous coverage of inflections.”As Sidney Landau explains in his book Dictionaies:The Art and Craft of Lexicography (CUP 1989),this method of counting what is in a dictionary derives from American practice,and it is “a system designed to maximize the number of entries one can claim”(p.84).Dictionaries are allowed to claim as an entry:
·the headword
·any additional word class to which the word belongs and hat is defined separately
·the inflected forms that are given (usually irregular plurals of nouns or past tenses and past participles of verbs,and regular inflections that cause spelling problems)
·run-on derivatives,usually without definition,such as clarinettist under clarinet.
·idioms or other fixed expressions included under a headword,such as take the bull by the horns under bull.
·variant forms,such as repellant for repellent.
·words give in lists,usually at the bottom of the page,which are derived by means of a prefix like self-or un-
In fact,an entry is almost any item that is given a bold typeface.Clearly,there are various ways in which a publisher could inflate the entry count in a dictionary.
There is one further count that some dictionaries give to indicate their size and coverage:that of definitions or meanings.This is the only count that the Longman Dictionary of the English Language (2nd edition,1991) gives:it claims“over 220,000 meanings.”The first edition (1984) claimed “almost a quarter of a million definitions.”The third edition of Collins English Dictionry (1991) says it has “190,000 numbered definitions”—the first two editions did not give a definition count Chambers English Dictionary (1988) claims to have “265,000 definitions.”Among the concise dictionaries,the Longman Concise (1985) claims“100,000 definition.”The definition count will always be higher than any of the others;because many words,especially common ones,are multiply polysemous.The entry for the transitive verb take in the Longman Dictionary (1991),for example,has numbered definitions up to 20,but many of these have subdivisions,giving a total of 66‘meanings.’Dictionaries do not,however,necessarily make the same analysis of the meanings of a word.For example,the adjective plain has 10 numbered definitions in Collins English Dictionary (1986);the numbering goes up to 9 in the Longman Dictionary (1991),though with subdivisions the total comes to 14;and in Chambers (1988),where the meanings are not numbered,there are 32 definitions separated by the Chambers' convention of a colon.
What all this goes to show is that counts of whatever kind are not a good measure of comparison between dictionaries,because the information they give is neither reliable nor comparable,such as the range of vocabulary covered,the layout of the dictionary,the accessibility of the information,and the attention given to contextual and social usage.
28How many criteria can a dictionary have when a reader decides to choose one according to the author?
A. five B. six C. seven D. eight
29How can a dictionary give a count of its‘entries’that it contains?
A.All the figures are calculated by computers. B.All the figures are estimates based on a count of a sample of pages.
C.All the figures are accurate and relizble because of special counting experts. D.All the figures are guessed by computers.
30The tone of the author is.
A.subjective and absolute B.objective and authoritative C.suspicious and unrational D.radical and negative
PAPER TWO
TIME LIMTT：［120 MIN.］
PART Ⅳ TRANSLATION ［60 min.］
SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH
Translate the following underlined part of the text into English.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.
《白衣女人》不是一部侦探小说，而是一部神秘小说，但它带有很多侦探小说的成分，书中细致的描写，至今仍然非常引人入胜，因为人的头脑是很喜欢神秘故事，而且希望知道其结局的。这部小说写成以后，过了几年又写了《月亮宝石》，因此可以认为这是作者在正式写侦探小说之前先行的一步。如果我们来看一看威尔基·柯林斯为《白衣女人》第二版所拟的自序，会感到十分有趣，这篇序文写于1861年，他在序中对关于作家的职责提出 了一个论点，其主要内容，在另一位善于讲故事的作家于1948年所作的一次广播讲话里得到了发挥。柯林斯在序中写道：“我一向赞成一种现已过时的看法，那就是：写一本小说的主要目的应该是讲一个故事”。[u]将近九十年以后，毛姆在一次广播讲话里用自己的话重申了这个看法，并作了发挥。如果我没有理解错的话，毛姆先生说的是：人的头脑的基本构造之中具有一种东西，它非常喜欢甚至要求听人讲故事，讲一个开头、中间、结尾都齐全的故事。他还说，现代有些作家过分热衷于剖析心理和进行论证，忽视讲故事要注意完整性这一重要特点，结果使得侦探故事普遍趋于一般化。我感到这两位十分不同的作家所作的精辟论断相得益彰，都是很有启发的。柯林斯是要“讲一个故事”，就在这讲故事的过程中，他形成了侦探小说家所需要的条理性和善于作细致描写的本领。[/u]
SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE
Translate the following underlined part of the text into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.
Alice was a B-plus student through her first three years at college.During the winter holidays in her senior year,while she was driving during a storm,her car ran off the road and hit a tree.Alice banged her head on the stearing stake but never lost consciousness.She was treated for bruises arel discharged from the hospital within a day.
But,back at her studies,she began to have difficulties.Suddenly her As and Bs were becomings. She had trouble remembering what she'd read and was initable and easily distracted.
[u]Alice was referred to a neuropsychologist for further examination. Although her IQ hadn't changed and standard neurological tests were normal, detailed neuropsychological tests showed she was having memory problems. She could still process new information, but it took longer than before and she became “overloaded” if she tries to do too much at once.
Head injuries are often fatal, or of sufficient seventy to require the hospitalization of victims. But there is a large group of people who sustain head injuries which can go undetected through ordinary medical examination. There are the people who seemingly recover from their injuries but still suffer subtle intellectual and behavioral effect that may seriously impair their ability to work and interact normally with other people. They are the victims of what experts call a “silent epidemic.” Some never lost consciousness and others never even suffered a direct blow to the head, yet brain damage occurred. [/u]
PART Ⅴ WRITING［60 min.］
China witnesses great success in economical development after its adoption of the policy of reform and open to the outside world.But the economical prosperity,at the same time,brings about the overwhelming appearance of fake commodities causing enormous economical loss.
Requirement:
Write an essay about 300 words,expressing your view on fake commodities.
In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details.In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary.Marks will be awarded for organization as well as for syntactic variety and appropriate word choice.
Part Two 答案与详解 (注：答案部分不含听力部分)
KEY TO TEST ONE
PART Ⅰ READING COMPREHENSION
SECTION A
1答案C
【解题思路】紧紧抓住讲话者的身份，须从全局把握的题目，可听完全篇后再作选择。
【详细解答】听之前首先看题目。这一题的关键是弄清楚讲话者的身份。几个答案暗示其分歧为讲话者在讲别人的生平还是自己的生平，即biography vs.autobiography. 不用说the speaker talks about something about Abraham Lincoln.在听的过程中注意讲话者用的人称就能找出正确答案。
2答案C
【解题思路】找出四句话中正确的一句，着重细节判断。
【详细解答】前三句话是关于数字判断，后一句为事实判断，重点应放在数字的辨听上，因为最后一句明显是干扰项。可在听的时候做一点记录，边听边结合答案作出快速反应。有关他母亲去世的时间文中非常清楚，但第二项很容易出错，因为“我的父亲在他的父亲去世时只有六岁”让人混淆。
3答案D
【解题思路】在讲话者的家乡当老师需要有何种条件，弄清句法结构。
【详细解答】这一题有一定的难度。原文中出现了“no qualification,”“a straggler”，“understand Latin”，但如果把握了整个句子的含义和结构，作出正确选择是可能的。其中“cipher”为“to compute arithmetically”，计算。
4答案B
【解题思路】判断事件与讲话者政治生涯的关系。
【详细解答】此题可运用一定的常识。所谓“event”为“an occurrence or incident,esp.one of significance”事件，而“law-practicing”and“farm work”cannot be called “events”.只有B较合适，“the Black-Hawk war”and “the Missouri Compomise”是辨听的重点。
5答案D
【解题思路】从全篇讲话来把握说话者的语气。
【详细解答】“haughty”为“scornfully and condescendingly proud,”“sarcastic”为“cutting,often ironic”讥讽的;domineering为“arrogant,tyrannical,”盛气凌人；aggressive为“hostile,too bold”过激的.这些词都是derogatory.既然是Abraham Lincoln,答案应该为“commenda”褒奖的。
SECTION B
6答案D
【解题思路】Jassie与Pauline的relationship是问题的重点。
【详细解答】Jassie为“an overseas student”,但不是来自America.听完整个dialogue,可以知道they are having class by coming on the scere.
7答案A
【解题思路】细节判断，弄清Jassie来之前对白宫的了解程度。
【详细解答】注意Jassie的content.She knows that it is the executive mansion (官邸) of American President and it lies on the south side of Pennsylvania Ave.Washington.D.C,facing Lafayete square.后面的选择项均为干扰项。
8答案C
【解题思路】注意白宫中的reception rooms中有一个“椭圆的”。
【详细解答】Pauline在听完Jassie对White House的了解之后，补充了许多relevant details.其中与题目相关的就涉及到four state reception rooms.其中thd Blue room为“elliptical,”意思是“of or shaped like a plane curve that is the locus of points for which the sum of the sidtances from each point to two fixed points is equal.”
9答案B
【解题思路】弄清入住白宫的第一位总统。
【详细解答】Theodore Roosevelt,John Adams,George Washington分别在conversation中被提到，但George Washington is one who chose the sit for this building,而Theodore Roosevelt ingraved the name of white House upon his stationery and made this name official。
10答案D
【解题思路】仔细分析有关“白宫”命名的来历。
【详细解答】B、C均为popular myth,即“It derives the name from the color of the building,”故不能选，cognomen为“surname,or nickname”名称。
SECTION C
News Item Ⅰ
11答案C
【解题思路】注意大选的时间。
【详细解答】细节判断需要敏锐的捕捉，听新闻的一个技巧就是要对数字以及时间比较敏感，可适当做笔记。
12答案B
【解题思路】判断邮电报支持的对象。
【详细解答】可依据课外知识，英国的报纸都有一定的政治立场，而邮电报是traditional and conservative,so it remains loyal to William Hague.“endorse”为“to give approval of or support to,esp by public statement;sanction.”支持，拥护。
News Item Ⅱ
13答案B
【解题思路】弄清Palestinians对于Israeli PM'S ceasefire的反应。
【详细解答】几篇新闻(news)中有一段来反映Palestinians的态度，“truce”为“a temporary cessation of hostilities by agreement;armstice”.—停火。
14答案A
【解题思路】找出Israeli PM呼吁停战的真正原因。
【详细解答】可运用常识，政治没有conscience,所以不会feel guilty.而美国因为petroleum是support Israel的。并且文中有“This is only a manoeuvre by Sharon's government aimed at alleviating international pressure on Israel,which was condemned for excessive use of force”；“manoeuvre”为“(US) maneuvre”—“a strategic or tactical military or naval movement;stratagem,an adroit,clever and artful move or action”战略策略，军事技巧；“alleviate”为“to make more bearable.”缓减；“aide”为“a military or naval officer acting as an assistant to a superior officer”副官。
15答案C
【解题思路】判断动作的先后顺序。
【详细解答】比较容易。“fire”为“the discharge of firearms”战火，文中有“open fire,”“return fire”,“cease fire”。
SECTION D
1答案electronic
【解题思路】信息的类别。
【详细解答】“electronic”电子的来自“electron”—“a stable elementary particle having a unit negative electric charge and a rest mass of approx”电子；“electric”为“of or operated by electricity”电的。
2答案builders
【解题思路】信息高速公路需要人的参与，弄清人的作用。
【详细解答】Travelers and builders are generall two kinds of people who are connected with the Superhighway.
3答案content
【解题思路】弄清信息高速公路上的information的“术称”。
【详细解答】Ideas,entertainment,data are all called information.“content”为“the meaning or significance of a literary or artistic work”内容；“in formation”为“a collection of facts or data”信息。
4答案transmit
【解题思路】弄清网络的作用。
【详细解答】“transmit”为“send from one person,thing,or place to another”传送；Networks are just used to send varied kinds of data,graphics,and video across states,countries,“networks”为“openwork structures in which roads are interconnected so as to have information”网络。
5答案fiber-optic
【解题思路】弄清网络的种类。
【详细解答】“fiber-optic”为“of the technology of light transmission through very fine,flexible glass or plastic fibers.”光纤的。
6答案on-ramps
【解题思路】弄清appliances的含义。
【详细解答】“appliances”为“devices,esp,those operated by gas,or electricity,designed for household use”设备，装置；“onramps”为“inclined surfaces or roadways connecting different levels”斜坡。
7答案access
【解题思路】弄清获得如何表达。
【详细解答】“access ”为“v.to obtain;n.a means of approachig or entering”
8答案interaction
【解题思路】弄清四者之间的关系。
【详细解答】“interaction”由“interact”来.“inter”是“prefix,between,among;mutual,reciprocal”之意，而“interact”为“to effect on each other”互相作用。
9答案benefit
【解题思路】弄清信息高速公路的作用。
【详细解答】“benefit”为“to be helpful or advantageous to”有利于。
10答案construction
【解题思路】弄清the Information Superhighway目前发展状态。
【详细解答】“construction”为“the act,process,or business of building”建设。
PART Ⅱ PROOF-READING & ERROR-CORRECTION
短文大意
英帝国曾经是世界三分之一人口的故乡。但是，随着香港及其600万居民回归中国，现在世界上只有12块殖民地的18万人把他们自己看作是英国殖民地的臣民。
英国持续了400年的帝国扩张是在攫取钱财和保持英国海军控制海洋的欲望驱动下进行的。现在，这种钱财的流向已经倒过来了，多数“从属的领地”——即世人称作的殖民地，需要来自英国的某种财政援助。
【详细解答】这段文章选自Nick Square's “Britain's Distant Duty.”答题者应该避免只看错误存在处，结合上下文，理解全篇大意。
11答案：to ∧ third: a or one。“世界三分之一人口”为“a third of the world's population.”“三分之一”为“fraction”,可以写为one third,or a third,故此处可有两种答案供参考。
12答案now ∧ themselves:count or regard。这一句要结合前后的句子的意思与结构进行分析。with短语为原因状语，故下一句是a complete sentence,但只有主语，故缺少谓语动词。“subjects”为“those who are under the rule of another,especially those who we allegiance to a government or ruler;equal to citizen.”“count”为“to believe or consider to be.”填regard也可以。
13答案：the:to be deleted。“wealth”为“all goods and resources having economic value,”是一种泛指状态，故应省略the.从下一句中的“that flow of wealth”也可得到启示。
14答案：has ∧ reversed:been。弄清楚此句的意思是关键。most of the“dependant territories”require some financial support from Britain,与Britain desired to acquire wealth from these countries相悖，所以应为has been reversed被颠倒过来了。“reverse”为“to turn around to the opposite direction or position”颠倒。
15答案：1947 ∧ Britain:that。it is…that是强调句型。“正是1947年准予印度独立，英国就是从那时起开始拆散其帝国的。”“grant”为“toconsent to the fulfillment of.”“dismantle”为“to take apart;tear down;disassemble”拆散。
16答案：relative:relatively。副词修饰形容词。
17答案：small:smaller。结合上下文，理解它们的含义。The larger colonies campaigned for self-rule,and how about the smaller ones.他们的关系是parallel or analogous.“viable”为“capable of living or developing urder favorable conditions”能生存的。
18答案：beyond:under。前面的意思理解了，这一处应该很容易被发现为“在英国统治之下”，because these less-economically-capable dependencies need support from Britain。
19答案：rich:richest。体会even的含义，表示一定的程度。
20答案：dependence:independence。继续依据上下文的连贯，不难发现错误所在。“referendum”为“the submission of a proposed public measure or actual statute to a direct popular vote”投票权；“overwhelming”为“of defeating completely”压倒一切的；“reject”为“to discard as defective or usuless;oppose”反对。
PART Ⅲ READING COMPREHENSION
TEXT A短文大意
本文选自罗伯特·菲尔德的“宗教之路可能很难走”。
布赖恩·哈珀是一名神职人员，他对宗教领域和宗教生活有着由衷的兴趣，但是他知道人们对教士和修女有多么好奇，但是提任圣职是一条非常艰辛的事情，加入比退出容易得多。哈珀专门制作了一个关于天主教教士和修女的电视节目，希望能够回答一些人们经常会问的问题，关于圣职人员的态度，他们的难处和他们过的生活。
16答案B
【参考译文】以下哪个标题可以代替原文标题。
【试题分析】考查学生是否能准确概括整篇文章的中心思想。
【详细解答】全文的大意为：Many young people enter the church to train to be priests or nuns before they have had a chance to explore the outside world.For many,the restricted religious life is too stressful for them and they leave.Others choose to stay.The one thing they all agree on is that there is not easy about following the spritual path.选择C、D都没有attitudes.而Brian Harper告诫人们not easy to follow this way.
17答案C
【参考译文】分析Brian Harper为什么会走上宗教之路。
【试题分析】考查学生阅读的能力。
【详细解答】文中引用了Harper的许多原话。“There is a genuine interest in the whole area of spirituality and the spiritual life.”正好与选择项C中的“真诚的兴趣”相对应。注意此处的“spiritual”就是指“religious;sacred.”宗教的。
TEXT B短文大意
本文选自《美国人物》的“篮球场上的传奇人物迈克尔·乔丹退役”。
芝加哥公牛队篮球明星迈克尔·乔丹是体育界最了不起的球员，他对体育的执著精神与顽强的竞争意识使他的对手胆战心惊，但是他的和蔼可亲使他成为美国与世界的偶像，他为耐克公司做了10年的宣传，人们对他褒贬不一，但他平易近人的魅力保证了他是受广大篮球支持者欢迎的人，那些批评他举止的人无一能够批评他在球场上的非凡表现，无人能诋毁他的成绩。
18答案B
【参考译文】分析以下四个说法哪一句是正确的。
【试题分析】考查学生分辨细节的能力。
【详细解答】这四句都在文中有揭示，但要特别注意若干细节和原文的出入。Michael Jordan established a foundation to fund athietics facilities and other projects fror children from the inner city of Chicago,his adopted home.Here,“the adopted home”为“the home that one takes up and makes one's own”第二故乡故A不对。Evenaa perfect man can have his enemies.C的说法too absolute.“consecutive”为“periods of time follow one after the other without any interruptions.”But he won scoring titles instead of defending ones.文中有“too knock sb.off his pedestal”为“to make sb.not respectable any longer.”“endorse”为“to express formal support or approval for someone or something”支持。
19答案A
【参考译文】尽管有些人对乔丹在运动场外的表现持批评的态度，但在哪一方面无人能够诋毁他的成绩。
【试题分析】考查学生能否判断文中人物最优秀的一面。
【详细解答】第5段讲到乔丹的“easy charm”，但注意是作者打下的埋伏，因为“none of those who criticised his behaviour could do the same when it came to his athletic performance”球场上的非凡表现是他最主要的一面。文中有“athleticism”体育精神。为“a strong interest in sports”“icon”为“someone famous who is admired by many people and is thought to represent an important idea”偶像。
TEXT C短文大意
本文选自《美国知识介绍》的“迪斯尼乐园”。
20世纪被称为美国的“迪斯尼时代”。创作了整套卡通片并白手起家创建了迪斯尼公司的沃尔特·迪斯尼有着出色的洞察力和管理才能。但是迪斯尼的真正卓越之处是他与观众心息相通的能力以及公司的人情味。在迪斯尼去世以后，人们对沃尔特·大卫的忠诚仍一如既往，丝毫没有因为他与联邦调查局的瓜葛受到影响。
20答案B
【参考译文】迪斯尼真正的不凡之处在于什么?
【试题分析】考查学生阅读最关键内容的能力。
【详细解答】The Land of Disney has many features,say,Walt Disney,who ereated the cartoon and built the company from nothing.但pay attention to what distingwishs Disney.“identify with”为“to associate oneself closely with a person or group,.”认同于。
21答案C
【参考译文】迪斯尼去世之后，被尊为偶像并不是在于什么?
【试题分析】考查学生是否能够准确判断非事实。
【详细解答】A、B、D在文中第7段出现了，只是为perogatory.“atlarge”为“as a whole;in general”.“purveyor”为“the person who suppljes”.“Subliterate”供应者；中的“sub”为 prefix—“lower in rank;inferior”，而“literate”为“knowledgeable;well-read;well-written.”
TEXT D短文大意
本文选自马克·雷文顿的“零度宽容降低了纽约的犯罪率”。
纽约曾是全世界的谋杀之都，但随着“零度宽容”的治安政策的施行已把犯罪活动猖獗的街道变成了秩序良好的街道。其政策来源于“被打碎的玻璃窗”的文章。由于实施了“零度宽容”政策，不允许、也不宽容哪怕最小的罪行，结果对一切犯罪活动都采取了严厉的打击态度，当然对于这种治安措施，犯罪学家则有着不同的看法，但无论如何强调纽约治理的成功向警察和有的社区本身传递了一个微妙的信息，即犯罪是可以制止的。
22答案A
【参考译文】“零度宽容”作为一种新的警察政策来源于什么?
【试题分析】考查学生是否能从众多的人物中找出真正的对象。
【详细解答】文中有“New!York's policing is based on a 1983 paper called‘Broken Windows’,written by American a cademics James Wison and George Knelling…”
23答案C
【参考译文】前警长和前副警长被解雇的原因是什么?
【试题分析】考查学生是否能够判断因果关系。
【详细解答】文中第6段“New York's transformation attracted global attention and cost Bratton and Timoney their jobs.They were both sacked by Giuiani,who felt they were stealing his glory.”“sack”为“slang.to dismiss;fire.”“steal his glory”为“a kind of metaphor.make him lose the chance to be distinct,well-known.”“commissioner”为“an administrative head of a professional field.”
24答案D
【参考译文】犯罪学家在哪一方面与警察联合会主席意见不同?
【试题分析】考查学生阅读矛盾的能力。
【详细解答】文中“criminologist argues that zero-tolerance policing is a dangerous fad that risks creating an arrogant police force because it gives police extraordinary powers.”而“O'Connor says that the broken windows approach doesn't necessarily lead to police harassment.”“criminologist”为“a person who does the scientific study of crime and crimindals.”犯罪学家；“fad”为“a briefly popular fashion;craze.”风尚；“harass”为“to exhaust an enemy by repeated attacks.”侵犯。
TEXT E短文大意
本文介绍波兰与电脑咖啡屋的网络世界未来相去甚远，而伊娃·帕斯科却使两者彼此相连。伊娃·帕斯科创建了塞伯利——世上首家“电脑咖啡屋”。公司经营项目多样化。取得少有的经济利润，同时又在世界各地开起了连锁店，但伊娃的奋斗过程也是极不容易的。她尝试了无数次，最终发现了国际互联网将会成为一种日常信息来源，并且公司的塞伯利亚借用了俄罗斯北部大片荒无人烟的地带——西伯利亚——这个词，她仍在不断在努力着。
25答案D
【参考译文】依据课文伯塞利亚公司没有经营哪一种项目?
【试题分析】考查学生对非事实判断的能力。
【详细解答】在第5段“The company is diversifying fast.”其中提到“an online dating agency,”“the Cyberia magazine,”and“Cyberia Records.”“cyber”有“computer”之意，e.g.cyber guard，网络警察。
26答案C
【参考译文】塞伯利亚公司特别之处在于什么?
【试题分析】考查学生对最主要事实的判断能力。
【详细解答】在第7段“Cyberia's trick was to spot,before anyone else,that the Internet was about to turn into an everyday resource,”and“they managed to capture the mysterious zeitgeist of where people want to be.”“zeitgeist”为“the taste and outlook characteristic of a period or generation.”
27答案A
【参考译文】人们如何评价帕斯科?
【试题分析】考查学生正确判断的能力。
【详细解答】第8段中“She has been described variously as‘weird and intense’,‘a magnificent self-publicist’，‘very charismatic,very smart’，‘a pioneer in integrating people and technology’，‘an evangelist for the Internet’”；“charismatc” 为“of or relaing to a personal quality attributed to those who arouse fervent popular devotion and enthusiasm”领导魅力。
TEXT F短文大意
本文选自霍华德·杰克逊的“字典里究竟有多少词”。
假如你想购买一本词典，收词量也许会成为你比较抉择时的一个标准。你会认为本文标题所提出的问题可以得到一个明确的答案。毕竟，所谓词典，究其定义不过是“按字母顺序将词排列起来的一种参考书……”(《柯林英语词典》，1979)。但遗憾的是，答案并非如此简单。
28答案B
【参考译文】根据课文有几种方法可供读者决定挑选自己需要的字典?
【试题分析】考查学生综合细节的能力。
【详细解答】有6种方式，分别为：entries,definitions or meanings,the range of vocabulary covered,the layout of the dictconary,the accessibility of the information,the attention given to contextual and social usage其中“entry”为“an item,as in a dictionary;headword”；“accessibility”为“the ability to be easily approached,entered,or aotained”。
29答案B
【参考译文】这些词条的数字是如何计算出来的?
【试题分析】考查学生分辨细节的能力。
【详细解答】第5段中有“all these figures are estimates based on a count of a sample of pages.”“sample”为“a set of elements drawn from and analyzed to estimate the characteristics of a population.”
30答案B
【参考译文】作者的行文语气是怎样的?
【试题分析】考查学生理解全文的能力。
【详细解答】作者得出的结论是：it is very hard to figure out just what is on offer in an average general dictionary.文中给出大量的参考数据以及举出大量的词典作为证明，是有一定objective,authoritative的。
PART Ⅳ TRNSLATION
SECTION A
【参考译文】Nearly ninety years later Somerset Maugham,in a broadcast talk,reiterated that opinion in his own words and elaborated it further.Mr.Maugham,if I understood him aright,stated that there is something in the fundamental makeup of the human mind which delights in,and even demands,a story,—a story with a beginning,a middle,and an end.It is,he said,because some modern novelists,over-anxious to develop psychology and dialectic,neglect this essential completeness in story telling,that the vogue of the detective story has become so general.
【详细解答】“reiterate”为“to say again or repeatedly,”“elaborate”为“to express at greater length or in greater detail”此篇译文在“人的头脑的基本构造之中……的故事”中需要舍译，用上定语从句为“something that”；其中还可以运用减译法，“要求听人讲故事”为“demands a story”。下面一句运用舍译法，用上强调句型“it is because…that…”；其中“剖析心理和进行论证”可运用词类转移法，为“phychology and dialectic,”而“讲故事要注意完整性这一重要特点”为“this essential completeness.”“vogue”为“the prevailing fashion,practice or style.”“结果使得侦探故事普遍趋于一般化”则可以运用词序调整法，为“the vogue of the detective story has become so general”。
SECTION B
【参考译文】于是找了一位神经心理学家为爱丽丝作进一步检查。虽然她的智力商数没有发生变化，常规神经检查结果正常，但详细的神经心理检查表明，她的记忆力存在问题，她仍然能够处理新的信息，但花的时间比以前长，如果一次搞得太多，就会显得“负担过重”了。头部受伤往往会造成死亡，或者伤势严重，需要让病人住院治疗，但是有许多，虽然头部受伤，医院的常规检查却不能发现，这样的人受伤以后似乎得到了恢复，但是他们仍然在智力方面或行为方面有后遗症，这会严重损伤他们的工作能力，和与别人进行正常交往的能力，专家们管这种人患的病叫做“不易觉察的流行病”。有的人根本没有失去知觉，有的人甚至头部根本没有受到撞击，然而脑子却受了伤。
【详细解答】第一句可能运用语态变换法。“Alice was referred to a …”为“找了一位神经心理学家为她作进一步检查”；“She became‘overloaded’if she tried to do too much at once”结合上文翻译可选用词序调整法和减译法——“如果一次太多，就会显得负担过重”；“Head injuries are often fatal,or of sufficient severity to require the hospitalisation of victims”可运用词类转移法，——“头部受伤往往会造成死亡，或伤势严重，需要让病人住院治疗”；“These are the people who seemingly recover from ther injuries…”可运用分译法，将定语从句分开表达。其中“silent epidemic”译为“不易觉察的流行病”运用了意译法；“epidemic”为“a contagious disease that spreads rapidly”。
PART Ⅴ WRITING
【写作指导】“打击水货”这个作文题很有新意，并且考生在自己的生活中都能感受到它的重要性，所以写起来不会太难。但八级作文并非叙事文，而是一种议论性质的文章，所以自己的经历不能全部搬到文章中来，而是要把握好自己客观评述打击水货的能力。
在第一段中，首先要给出论点，是反对打击水货，还是坚决支持打击水货呢?这个思考应该很快，因为很少有人会支持水货，所以观点要提出来，并且需要用语言来修饰。
在第二段中，作者重点分析水货给人们生活带来的种种不便，以及打击水货的必要性，其实相当一个问题，但可以一环套一环，逻辑清楚，深入浅出，让人信服。考生可以把自己的经历升华到较大的方面来考虑，这样才有议论文的气势。
在第三段中作者在前二段的基础上进一步阐述小结水货所引起的不良后果，然后小结全文。
【Sample Writing】
Combat Fake Goods
Now we live in a society with sufficient goods,all kind of products jamming the cabinets of shops and markets.Millions of consumers,with brilliant faces full of smile on ,rush out from stores with bags of foods,clothing,etc.At home,however,inside the dedicate pack they find the food taste bad,the clothing's color fade,which make them upset and depressed.There is a humorous story,which describes,such a situation vividly:a person who wants to kill himself survives,because the poisonous liquid he drinks is fraudulent,too. So we should combat false goods.
Now more and more citizens called for movements to prevent fakes from being distributed.But it is too ridiculous to see such a conflictive vision:on one hand consumers expect the shops not to sell fakes,on the other hand they hunt for the cheapest goods with beautiful appearance without paying enough attention to the quality.Now that consumers“need”fakes,sellers provide what they need,what is more critical,which simultaneously can bring more ramp to them.And so do the manufactures.It is the link and soft management of administration that produce the flood of fakes.
But fakes are fakes all which mismatch such a civilized world.So what should we do?Firstly I think consumers should promote their capability of judgment.Secondly sellers should restrict themselves not to distribute the goods from those factories with no qualified certificates.Thirdly, manufactures should regulate their products.But the key three points is to strengthen legislation and law enforcing,to make all the citizens besides officials and manufacturers have a sense of producing and distributing qualified goods,and to pay more attention to future profit than to current.Only with these measures taken we can succeed in combating fake goods.
|
